Summary of Key Provisions in The One Big Beautiful Bill Act

The “One Big Beautiful Bill Act” represents a sweeping overhaul of U.S. energy policy, aimed at reshaping the federal government’s role in energy markets and reversing key provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act. With a clear emphasis on fossil fuel production and energy independence, the legislation mandates new oil and gas lease sales across federal lands and offshore areas, revives tax advantages for producers, and loosens regulatory burdens that had previously constrained the industry. These changes signal a strategic pivot away from the Biden-era approach. The bill reflects a renewed focus on maximizing domestic energy output and scaling back federal support for clean energy technologies — all under the banner of strengthening U.S. economic and energy security. We examine how the legislation reshapes oil and gas production policy and the broader implications for energy markets and environmental goals.

Oil and Gas Production

The newly enacted One Big Beautiful Bill Act benefits the oil and gas industry by mandating new oil and natural gas lease sales across federal lands and waters, unlinking them from renewables leasing and restoring royalty rates to pre-Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) levels. The law also reinstates full deductions for intangible drilling costs, delays the methane emissions fee until 2035 — providing the industry with more time to prepare — and increases the carbon capture tax credit for producers that utilize carbon dioxide to increase oil recovery. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) diverts massive financial and energy resources to a strategy with uncertain storage integrity. Despite decades of investment and subsidies, current CCS projects capture only a tiny fraction of global CO₂, with high costs, major infrastructure demands, and strong public resistance to pipelines and storage, scaling CCS to meet carbon reduction goals is not economically efficient. 

President Biden’s signature climate bill, the Democrat-passed IRA, linked offshore oil and gas lease sales to those of offshore wind, and Biden’s five-year offshore lease plan for oil and gas called for only three offshore lease sales — the fewest offshore oil and gas leases in the industry’s history and far fewer than the 47 sales proposed by President Trump in his first term. Trump’s bill requires the federal government to augment that historically low number of sales under Biden’s 2024-29 leasing program for the U.S. Gulf of America (Mexico) with 30 additional offerings across the Gulf region over 15 years. One lease sale is required to take place by the end of the year, and Interior Secretary Doug Burgum has it planned for December 10, 2025. In fiscal year 2024, production from offshore leases accounted for approximately 14% of domestic oil production and 2% of domestic natural gas production, yielding $7 billion in federal revenues.

Nine U.S. states with material onshore federal acreage must hold over 30 quarterly lease sales every year, and lease sales are also mandated in Alaska’s National Petroleum Reserve. Mandated lease sales in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, however, did not make it into the final bill. The bill reinstates royalty rates to their pre-IRA rate of 12.5%-16.7% and allows non-competitive bids, which the IRA had ended. The bill also allows producers to fully deduct intangible drilling costs, which encompass roughly 60%-80% of well costs. The IRA only allowed a portion of these costs to be deducted.

The law sunsets the hydrogen tax credit in 2028, later than previous versions of the bill. Chevron, Exxon, and others are investing in projects to produce hydrogen fuel.

Energy Intel has provided a useful chart of the key oil and gas provisions in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act:

Coal Industry 

The coal industry also benefits from the bill, which mandates that at least four million additional acres of federal land be made available for mining. The law also cuts the royalties that coal companies pay the government for mining on federal land, and allows the use of an advanced manufacturing tax credit for mining metallurgical coal used to make steel.

Renewable Energy Tax Credits

The law phases out clean electricity investment and production tax credits for wind and solar after decades of coverage. Originally intended for nascent industries, the investment credit was significantly enhanced in 2005, having been initially introduced in 1978 and having been extended 15 times. The production credit has been in place since 1992 and has been extended more than a dozen times. The IRA essentially made these credits unlimited since the requirement for sunsetting was based on heavy reductions of carbon dioxide emissions in the generation sector. The One Big, Beautiful Bill Act makes solar and wind projects that enter service after 2027 no longer eligible for the credits unless they start construction within 12 months of the bill becoming law.

Unfortunately, the bill includes a loophole as projects committing 5% of costs within 12 months qualify as “under construction” and get a four-year extension. This enables projects started by July 2026 to receive subsidies through July 2030, which in the case of the production tax credit would last for an additional 10 years. The Treasury Department could limit this loophole by tightening the “start construction” definition — shortening the safe harbor and requiring continuous construction, not just initial construction. The phaseout in the final bill is more gradual than previous versions of the legislation, which had a hard deadline of December 31, 2027, meaning solar and wind projects had to be producing power in 2.5 years to be eligible for the credits. A related tax credit for using U.S.-made components in solar and wind facilities ends for projects that enter service after 2027. A carveout allows projects that start construction within one year of the law’s enactment to claim the credit.

In response to the bill, on July 7, 2025, President Trump signed an executive order ending market-distorting subsidies for wind and solar energy, labeling them unreliable and overly dependent on foreign-controlled supply chains. The order directs the Treasury Department to revoke clean energy tax credits (sections 45Y and 48E), tighten eligibility rules, and implement stricter restrictions on foreign entities of concern — all within 45 days. Simultaneously, the Department of the Interior must review and revise any policies that give preferential treatment to renewables over more reliable, dispatchable energy sources like nuclear and fossil fuels. This action aligns with the administration’s broader goals of enhancing U.S. energy dominance, economic growth, and national security by prioritizing domestically controlled, dependable energy production.

Proponents of wind and solar subsidies often argue that these energy sources are inexpensive. They typically cite studies based on Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), a metric that consolidates fixed and variable costs into a single figure. While LCOE is a useful tool for estimating generation costs, it has been widely criticized for overlooking the challenges of intermittency and non-dispatchability — factors that significantly affect the reliability and overall cost of renewable energy. Intermittency complicates cost comparisons between technologies, and LCOE fails to account for the expenses associated with delivering consistent, on-demand electricity. Once the cost of ensuring reliability is factored in — such as backup systems, storage, and grid integration — the price skyrockets. One peer-reviewed study estimates that incorporating reliability costs can increase the effective price of solar energy by 11 to 42 times, making it the most expensive source of electricity, followed by wind.

As others have pointed out, further evidence from the International Energy Agency (IEA) supports this concern. Data from nearly 70 countries reveal a strong correlation between higher shares of wind and solar in the energy mix and elevated electricity prices for both households and businesses. In countries with little or no wind and solar, electricity averages around 16 cents per kilowatt-hour (in 2024 Canadian dollars). For every 10% increase in wind and solar’s share, electricity prices rise by approximately eight cents per kWh.

The 2023 update of IEA’s Government Energy Spending Tracker shows that since 2020, governments have committed USD 1.34 trillion to clean energy investments. In the United States alone, Treasury data reveals that wind and solar subsidies dominate energy-related tax provisions. These subsidies cost taxpayers $31.4 billion in 2024 and were projected to total another $421 billion between 2025 and 2034, largely driven by the IRA. Since 2015, the 10-year cost of federal tax expenditures for wind and solar has increased twenty-one-fold. The investment tax credit (ITC) and production tax credit (PTC) — key drivers of wind and solar deployment — was expected to account for over half of all energy-related federal tax expenditures from 2025 to 2034. Notably, these figures exclude electric vehicle tax credits, which added another $14 billion in 2024 and were expected to reach $105.7 billion by 2034.

Despite massive public spending, the shift to wind and solar energy is driving up energy prices and contributing to accelerating deindustrialization, most notably in parts of Europe that have aggressively pursued these sources through extensive subsidy programs. Ultimately, if wind and solar were genuinely cost-effective and reliable alternatives to traditional energy sources, such extensive and sustained government support would be unnecessary. By slashing this government support, this legislation promotes a sensible approach to energy policy — one that carefully weighs costs, reliability, and economic impacts alongside environmental goals.

Electric Vehicle Tax Credits

The bill eliminates the $7,500 federal tax credit for new electric vehicle (EV) purchases and leases, as well as the $4,000 credit for used EVs, effective September 30. In our recent report, When Government Chooses Your Car, we argued that federal efforts to mandate a transition to EVs carry significant hidden costs and unintended consequences. These tax credits were part of a broader strategy to push EV adoption through policy rather than market demand.

EVs continue to be considerably more expensive than gasoline-powered vehicles, not only in terms of upfront cost but also insurance, maintenance, and the infrastructure required to support them. Meanwhile, consumer demand remains well below government adoption targets, as practical limitations like reduced range in cold weather and slow charging persist. With the pace and direction of technological innovation still uncertain, public policy should instead prioritize consumer sovereignty as the guiding principle in shaping the automobile market. Consumers have diverse needs and preferences and should be free to choose the vehicle — internal combustion, hybrid, electric, or future alternatives — that best meets their circumstances. Market forces, not government mandates, should determine the composition of the vehicle fleet.

Consumer choice sends critical signals to producers: strong demand drives innovation and supply, while weak demand encourages reassessment and improvement. When businesses must respond to consumer preferences, they compete on quality, price, and innovation, leading to better products and greater accountability. A market driven by consumer decisions ensures broad access to mobility, a hallmark of American life and economic strength for over a century. In this context, ending the EV tax credit marks a meaningful step toward restoring consumer choice and reinforcing the market’s role in determining the future of transportation.

Conclusion

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act marks a significant shift in U.S. energy policy, scaling back long-standing federal support for renewable energy and electric vehicles. By mandating new oil and gas lease sales onshore and offshore, delinking them from renewable lease requirements, restoring pre-IRA royalty rates, and reviving full deductions for intangible drilling costs, the legislation reorients energy policy away from net-zero goals. It also delays the methane emissions fee until 2035 and increases carbon capture tax credits, particularly for enhanced oil recovery applications.

The coal industry similarly gains from expanded access to federal land, reduced royalty payments, and access to tax credits intended for advanced manufacturing, including the production of metallurgical coal. Meanwhile, support for wind and solar is phased out, with key investment and production tax credits sunsetting after 2027, though a loophole could extend eligibility through 2030 for projects that commit early funds.

The repeal of EV tax credits further signals a policy pivot away from government-directed energy transitions toward a market-driven approach emphasizing consumer choice and economic competitiveness. Taken together, the bill reflects a broader priority shift: one that prioritizes energy reliability, domestic production, and government restraint over federally subsidized green energy expansion and net-zero targets.